The Significance of Sound and Music in The Tempest Essay

The Significance of Sound and Music in The Tempest ‘The Tempest’ is on a basic level a play about a magical island, complete with its own wizard, monster and handsome prince. However, it is much more than a fairytale. Complex themes such as usurpation, colonialism and the supernatural are interwoven into the plot to produce a play so diverse that it is widely considered to be one of Shakespeare’s finest works. Music and sound are dramatically significant in this diversity. This makes ‘The Tempest’ very different to other Shakespeare plays. For example, ‘The Tempest’ –along with ‘Twelfth Night’- contains nearly three times the amount of music normally present in his plays. In this essay I will†¦show more content†¦The thunder displays Prospero’s anger towards his usurping brother, Antonio. In Act 1 Scene 2, Prospero again uses music and sounds to portray his feelings about his brother. He uses musical imagery –‘set all hearts I’ th’ state to what tune pleased his ear’- to indicate the disharmony of the relationship he has with Antonio. Sounds are significant to the play in this circumstance because they reflect the mood and feelings of the characters. It helps the audience to gain an insight into the minds of the characters and to empathise with the emotions that they are experiencing. Whilst Prospero is the composer of the play, Ariel is his main performer. He/she is the main musical contributor to the play, and this is much of what his role involves. He uses music subliminally to create the mood and affect the activities of the characters. For example, in Act 1 Scene 2, Ariel lures Ferdinand to Miranda with the song, ‘Come unto these yellow sands.’ In this same scene Ariel attempts to console Ferdinand (who thinks that his father has been killed by the shipwreck) with a soothing song: ‘Full fathom five thy father lies†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ In Act 3 Scene 3, he torments Antonio, Sebastian and Alonso with a banquet. At the beginning of the scene he produces a banquet, accompanied by ‘solemn and strange music.’ This affects the characters in a positive way, their languageShow MoreRelatedEssay on Importance of Setting in Shakespeares The Tempest1275 Words   |  6 PagesImportance of Setting in The Tempest  Ã‚   The island of magic and mystery that Shakespeare creates in The Tempest is an extraordinary symbol of both the political and social realities of his contemporary society, and of the potential for a reformed New World. Shakespeare’s island is a creation which allows the juxtaposition of real and idealised worlds, and shows his audience both what they and what they ought to be. The seventeenth century was a time of ideological upheaval in Europe, with MedievalRead More Essay on the Setting in Shakespeares The Tempest1072 Words   |  5 PagesImportance of Setting in The Tempest   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeare’s enchanted island in The Tempest is a restorative pastoral setting, a place where ‘no man was his own’ and a place that offers endless possibilities to the people that arrive on it’s shores. Although the actual location of the island is not known, the worlds of Seneca aptly describe it’s significance to the play – it represents the ‘bounds of things, the remotest shores of the world’. 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Shakespeare’s development of style falls into quite a well-defined Read MoreComparing The Station Twelve And Brave New World By Aldous Huxley1112 Words   |  5 Pagesout by the government meaning the subjects are unable to express themselves for who they are. A character describes the beauty of a lady saying â€Å"Oh you so perfect so perfect and so peerless are created of every creature’s best† which is from the Tempest play. They had to rely on Shakespeare to successfully describe the lady’s beauty as they could not create their own descriptive words. 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The 5-Minute Rule for Long Essay Topics

The 5-Minute Rule for Long Essay Topics Even the very best writer on earth cannot compose a high-quality academic paper the evening before it's due. Other matters begin to take place too. You may use your own experience from real life and any object that's of terrific interest to you. To anyone with a basic comprehension of the norms in a different. Your argue is just what you want your crowd to trust also it should be stated in 1 sentence. You might find that a lot of the topics can be adapted to suit almost any type of writing assignment. Obviously, your explanation of the way to speak, act, and dress will differ for each scenario, and therefore don't attempt to compose an overall essay about making an excellent impression in every scenario. Each one of your wishes concerning the order matters for the writers. Choosing Long Essay Topics Is Simple Several alternative logical structures for essays are visualized as continue reading, making them simple to implement or adap t in the building of an argument. Given an essay is a lengthy bit of writing condensing into a 5 page structure is a powerful way to allow it to be comprehensive. Contemplating the truth, descriptive essay is a distinctive kind of a term paper, the structure also differs from the one that you are accustomed to. A couple of well-mapped essays are much better than an impenetrable jungle. Finding the most suitable arguments can help you prove your point and win. Naturally, it's so much better when a student is supplied a freedom to select the subject of their essay. Explain why especially you ought to be accepted to a specific college, university. To compose a fantastic argumentative essay the students first must investigate several sides of the argument, which permits them to make an educated stance. If you wish to learn how to write great essays on sociology, just take the subsequent steps. The revisions are unquestionably free! For more information on this prospective the sis statement for The Odyssey, have a look at this guide. Nothing ought to go into your essay that does not directly handle that issue. In this kind of situation, it's more convenient to discover ready-made essays and use them as an example. When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the main matter to do is to select a topic and an argument that you may really get behind. Talk about your essay experience. Getting the Best Long Essay Topics If it's the very first time you're likely to use our article writing service, you most likely have a lot of questions. Tell our experts what kind of homework help on the internet you will need to get. Custom writing means a critical company with high standards. Our custom writing team is going to do their very best to fulfill all your requirements. There is going to be seven topics to select from, which means that you can omit two of the topics. International topic does not really exist. It's always much much better to locate a specific, narrow topic. Argumentative essay topics a re so important since they are debatableand it's critical to at all times be critically considering the world around us. This list of topics may supply a notion you can get excited about. Deciding on an emotional topic is also a great idea. Different varieties of specializations. Year round school isn't a good idea. Long-term finance is when money is required for over five decades. Every student demands help with homework from time to time. Two hundred fifty decades of slavery. When it is argumentative or informative essays, you have to develop a topic that may grab the interest of the reader very quickly and this isn't such an easy job. Organization blogging is also an important commitment. Picking a topic is a critical issue that partly estimates final success of the job. The goal of a process essay is to supply readers with some instructions for completing a specific undertaking. The more research you can do in order to secure better at your upcoming profession, the better. Remember that editing may be a collaborative clinic. If you are searching for assistance with your essay then we provide a comprehensive writing service offered by fully qualified academics in your area of study. A whole lot of the job in philosophy is making sure you've got your opponent's position right. At the exact same time, detecting cause and effect relationships isn't that easy in regards to the selection of a superior cause and effect essay topic. A few the negatives ramifications are harm, absence of operation in many tasks, and at times even wellness difficulties. Avoid falling asleep in the center of your undertaking! The study shall concentrate on the affect the provider. Very often it becomes hard to choose 1 topic either on account of the many ideas in the student's head, or due to their complete absence. Education research paper topics provide education majors a selection of samples about how to compose projects which range from Adult Learning Theories to Early Education Literacy. Political and public administration topics can be challenging for students to determine independently. This form of a topic calls for a great deal of research on the matter. Ergo, it's a lot more suitable to research a specific portion of the topic rather than covering it totally. At the conclusion of the second or third page, you realize you have deviated from this issue and may be even lost. When you are requested to decide on a great topic for your argument, start with something you're familiarized with.

Critical Appraisal Check Control Studies â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Critical Appraisal Check Control Studies? Answer: Introduction The current paper seeks to critically analyze the study by Hassan, Bondy, Wolff, Abbruzzese, Vauthey, Pisters, Evans, Khan, Chou, Lenzi, and Li (2007). By doing so, the validity and usefulness of the findings will be assessed. Since Hassan, et al (2007)s research was a case-control study, the tool provided by the CASP (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme) will be used (case control study) to guide the appraisal. The paper will also determine the extent to which there is a causal association between pancreatic cancer-which is the main outcome- and consumption of alcohol, smoking of cigarette, pancreatic cancer family history, diabetes mellitus, and history of pancreatitis. Overall, Hassan, et al (2007)s study is found to be of good quality since its methodological strengths surpass its weaknesses, and it has internal and external validity. CASP Tool for Case Control Study The critical appraisal tool for evaluating case control studies is composed of three wide matters that should be put into consideration, validity of the findings, what the findings are, and whether the findings will help locally (CASP, 2017). The three issues are then broken down into a total of 11 questions, which will be used to guide evaluation of the chosen article. Validity of the Results The authors addressed a clearly focused issue since the objective of carrying out the research was evident with a clear outline of the population and risk factors being investigated. A case control was appropriate to answer the question since pancreatic cancer is a rare condition. As Song and Chung (2010) outlines, case controls are suited well when investigating rare outcomes. Also, case control studies allow for more than one risk factor to be evaluated for a just one outcome (Song and Chung, 2010). In Hassan, et al (2007)s study, multiple risk factors including, heavy intake alcohol intake, pancreatic cancer cigarette smoking, and pancreatitis family history, and diabetes mellitus were all examined for pancreatic cancer. The authors used hospital-based case-control. The cases were incident as they were selected from patients that had recently been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. As CLIO (2004) outlines, using incident cases as opposed to prevalent increases confidence that exposures occurrence were before the outcome diseases onset. Additionally, using incident cases ensured no cases of over-representation of long duration. The number of cases selected was significantly large (808 participants) and were varying with age, ethnicity, sex, and social classes, ensuring that they were a representative of a defined population. The exclusion and inclusion criterion was clear ensuring consistency in the characteristics of cases. All the cases had been diagnosed with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, resided in the U.S. and would communicate in English. Patients with other types of cancers were excluded together with those with past history of cancer. As such, the cases were selected in an acceptable way. When recruiting controls, the authors were keen to avoid bias. Controls were chosen from healthy friends as well as genetically unrelated members of the patients family with other cancer types other than pancreatic cancer. This would help minimize selection bias by excluding first degree and relatives that are not related by genetics but with pancreatic cancer as controls since the former may have genetic factors related to the outcome while thelatter may share the same lifestyle factors that may predispose them to the disease such as dietary habits. Therefore, by doing so the study would determine the true relationship between pancreatic cancer and some risk factors such as family history of the disease, cigarette smoking, and environmental factors without the link being altered. The controls were in many ways similar to the cases. The authors used matching where the cases and controls were frequently matched by factors such as age, ethnicity, and sex. As Rose and Laan (2009) suggests, matching helps to increase the efficiency of the study by allowing similar distributions across confounding variables between case and controls. Although some scholars such as Pearce (2016) argue that matching does not eliminate confounding but instead may introduce it by the matching factors, it is more feasible that matched sampling results to balancing controls and cases across the chosen matching variable levels, thus reducing variance and improving statistical efficiency (Rose and Laan, 2009). As such, Hassan, et al (2007) improved the efficiency of their study through matching. A studys validity is also determined by the rate of non-response. According to Groves (2006) high non-response can lead to non-response bias. In Hassan, et al (2007)s study, the non-response rate was 19.4% with the reasons for failure to participate varying. However, the authors justified that statistical analysis showed that there was no significant differences between missed and selected patients based on sex, race/ethnicity, age, residency state, and educational level. As such, the study was free from non-response bias. The quality of case control studies is contributed by the number of cases and controls selected. In the current study under appraisal, the authors recruited the same number of cases and controls. Selecting equal number increases the efficiency of a study as BMJ (n.d.) states. However, the cases comprised older individuals and had lower level of education compared to controls, an aspect that may have interfered with the study results. Ascertainment of exposure may also impact on the validity and reliability of a study. Just like most case-control studies, Hassan, et al (2017)s study established exposure from personal recall by means of self administered questionnaire and structured interviews. As BMJ (n.d.) states, the validity of information from personal recall depend significantly on the subject matter. Therefore, it may have been difficult for some participants to remember their past habits, reducing the reliability of the findings. For instance, one of the risk factors sought to be investigated by Hassan, et al (2007) was dietary habits. Recall bias may have resulted since it may be problematic for individuals to remember their past nutritional habits. Additionally, it is more likely that cases may remember past exposures than controls since they may have figured the potential causes of their conditions. As Carlson and Morrison (2009) states, bias may result if controls and cases recall differently past exper iences. Confounding factors may affect the findings of a study as they may distort the true association between variables. They may falsely demonstrate an evident or mask an association between a risk factor and an outcome when there is no existence of any relationship (Skelly, Dettroli, Brodt, 2012). Hassan, et al (2007) addressed various confounding such as exposure to tobacco, use of alcohol, and chronic illnesses. Other important confounding factors accounted for by the authors are genetic and lifestyle considerations where they excluded first degree relatives and spouses respectively. These factors may increase the risk of developing pancreatic cancer. Therefore, by the authors recruiting controls that were considered free from exposure to them they decreased the effect of confounding on the study. What the Results Are Hassan, et al (2007)s findings revealed that diabetes mellitus, heavy consumption of alcohol, history of pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer family history, and cigarette smoking were significant pancreatic cancer risk factors. The study also revealed synergistic interactions between family pancreatic cancer family history, cigarette smoking, and type 2 diabetes in women. The results were adjusted for confounding and the associations were most likely insignificantly affected by these factors. The precision of a research finding is an important determinant of the quality of the study. Precision can be indicated by sample size and studys efficiency (Carlson and Morrison, 2009). Overall, Hassan, et al (2007)s study provided precise results since they included balanced groups of non-exposed, exposed, without outcome, and with outcome. Additionally, the adjusted odds ratio had narrow confidence intervals, indicating high precision in estimating the associations. Whether the Results Will Help Locally Hassan, et al (2007) incorporated a significant number of participants in their study. Additionally, participants were composed of people from different geographic areas, ages, and ethnic groups, making it representative. Therefore, the results can be generalized to a more universal population. Therefore, the study has external validity Conclusion The study by Hassan, et al (2017) can be deemed of good quality based on the current appraisal. Although it was found to have some weaknesses such as recall bias, its precision and internal and external validity were not compromised. The authors addressed most of the issues that may lower the quality of the study such as confounding factors, selection of cases and controls, addressed a clearly focused question, and chose controls effectively. As such, the study can be applied to the general population and can be used to support evidence-based healthcare coupled with other evidences from other research studies. References BMJ. (n.d.). chapter 8: case-control and cross sectional studies. The BMJ. Retrieved from https://www.bmj.com/about-bmj/resources-readers/publications/epidemiology-uninitiated/8-case-control-and-cross-sectional Carlson, M.D.A., Morrison, R.S. (2009). Study design, precision, and validity in observational studies. Journal of Palliative Medicine. 12(1), 77-82. CLIO. (2004). Incident vs. Prevalent cases. CLIO Learning Modules. Retrieved from https://cliomods.stanford.edu/trailmaps/selection/case-control/incident-vs-prevalent-cases/index.html Critical Appraisal Skills Program, (CASP). (2017). Critical appraisal checklist, case control studies. Retrieved from https://www.casp-uk.net/#!casp-international/c1zsi Groves, R.M. (2006). Nonresponse rates and nonresponse bias in houseghold surveys. Public Opinion Quarterrly. 70(5), 646-675. Hassan, M.M., Bondy, M.L., Wolff, R.A., Abbruzzese, J.L., Vauthey, J., Pisters, P.W., Evans, B., Khan, R., Chou, T., Lenzi, R., Li, D. (2007). Risk factors for pancreatic cancer: case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol, 102(12), 2696-2707. Pearce, N. (2016). Analysis of matched case-control studies. BMJ. 352 Rose, S. Laan, M.J. (2009). Why match? Investigating matched case-control study designs with causal effect estimation. The International Journal of Biostatistics. 5(1) Skelly, C.A., Dettroli, J.R., Brodt, D.E. (2012). Assessing bias: the importance of considering confounding. Evidence-Based Spine-Care Journal. 3(1), 9-12. Song, J.W. Chung, K.C. (2010). Observational studies: cohort and case-control studies. Plast Reconstr Surg. 126(6), 2234-2242. Young, J.M. Solomon, J.M. (2009). How to criticaaly appraise an article. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 6 (2), 82-91.

Racism In America Essays (924 words) - Discrimination,

Racism In America Racism is an institution in America. It has existed since our Nations beginning, and it is now woven into many facets of society. Historically, white males have held all of the power positions in society. White males were the doctors, lawyers, and policy makers. Although minorities hold some positions of power today, white males still hold the majority of them. Despite legislation that has attempted to alleviate inequality in America, The Department of Housing and Urban Development maintains that, "disparity in home ownership is still great"(Washington Post, p.E10). Housing secretary Andrew M. Cuomo cites home ownership rates of, "72.5% for whites, 45% for African-Americans, and 44% for Hispanic-Americans (Washington Post, p.E10). Home mortgage denial rates are, "26% for whites and 53% for African-Americans" (Washington Post, p.E10). Given the fore-mentioned statistics that obviously indicate racism, federal housing officials launched a year long 7.5 million dollar study to investigate the racist practices of mortgage lenders, landlords, and other housing officials. Discrimination has become more sophisticated since the Fair Housing Act became law 30 years ago, according to complaints from the department. Cuomo commented, "Then it was more in your face. Now it is not as loud, not as flagrant, but just as devastating" (Washington Post, p.E10). The article, "U.S. Study to Target Racism in Housing," explains the link between attitudes and behavior related to issues of power, inequality, and discrimination. The racist attitudes of people in power, carry over to their behavior, which result in the unfair treatment of minorities. One explanation for this cycle is the Reasoned Action Model (text, p.240). The Reasoned Action Model is a theory of social psychology that examines the relationship between our attitudes and our behaviors. The theory suggests that our behaviors are best predicted by our behavioral intentions. If a person intends to do something, he/she is more likely to do it. According to the Reasoned Action Model, our behavioral intentions are shaped by a person's attitude toward the behavior and their subjective norms. A person's attitude toward a behavior is based upon his/her beliefs and evaluations of the possible outcomes of a behavior. A person's subjective norms are comprised of his/her beliefs about what significant others will say about the behavior and its outcome. Subjective norms are also affected by the person's motivation to comply with the wishes of significant others. The behavior of housing officials who discriminate against minorities can be explained using the Reasoned Action Model. Although the majority of housing officials probably do not say, "Today I intend to be a racist," their attitudes toward minorities cause them to behave in a racist manner. A housing official who discriminates against minorities is doing so because of his/her beliefs about possible outcomes of the behavior. What would happen if minorities were awarded home mortgages? Racist housing officials are not concerned about limiting where minorities will live. They are concerned about what will happen to their communities if minorities are awarded home mortgages. Housing officials are taking the issue personally. They are wondering, "What if they move into my neighborhood? What if they move into my mother's neighborhood? What if they attend school with my children?" These housing officials also believe that they are protecting their families and carrying out their wishes. Racism is simply fear that comes from ignorance. No one will ever know every single person in a particular race, yet people tend to judge people according to their personal beliefs about a particular race. Why do some people feel like it is okay to judge an entire race based on stereotypes? A stereotype is, "a schema of beliefs that attributes a set of characteristics to most or all members of a social identity" (text p. 454). Stereotypes are typically inaccurate. Most stereotypes about minorities are negative. Racist people use stereotypes as justification for having negative attitudes toward minorities. Housing officials do not want minorities in their neighborhoods because they believe that minorities will not keep up their property. They believe that drugs and violence will enter their neighborhoods, and that the house they paid so much for will lose its value. Some people actually believe that African-Americans and Hispanic-Americans ruin safe, peaceful neighborhoods. Stereotypes are perpetuated by American society. The media typically portrays African-American and Hispanic-Americans as lazy, poor, and uneducated. Some African-Americans and Hispanic-Americans are lazy, poor, and uneducated. The problem begins when the whole race is characterized negatively, and good people have to suffer. Every American should have the right to be judged as an individual. Another factor that contributes to the racist attitudes and behavior of housing officials is stigmatization. Stigmatization

Example Sentences of the Verb Bring for ESL Learners

Example Sentences of the Verb Bring for ESL Learners This page provides example sentences of the verb bring in all tenses in English. Study examples of positive and negative sentences, as well as questions. Make sure   Infinitive: To Bring Use the infinitive form to bring when combining with verbs that take infinitives as an object: She hopes to bring that up at the meeting. Base Form: bring Use the base form bring together with helping verbs in the present simple, past simple, and future simple: Do you usually bring your homework to class?They didnt bring any news of the situation.They wont bring anything to eat. Past Simple: brought Use the past simple brought in positive sentences with the past simple: Peter brought his racket last weekend.   Past Participle: brought Use the past participle brought in past, present, and future perfect forms: Hes brought a number of friends to the party. They hadnt brought anything to eat, so they went out.She will have brought enough food for everyone. Present Participle: bringing Use the present participle, or ing form, for present, past, and future continuous tenses, as well as for all perfect continuous tenses: Shes bringing the drinks tonight.Tom was bringing up the idea when she interrupted him.They have been bringing a lot of new information to the discussion. Each of these forms is used with different tenses. Bring is an irregular verb and should be memorized.   Present Simple She often brings friends to work.How often do they bring their children to work?Peter doesnt usually bring anything for lunch. Present Continuous Mary is bringing Jack to the party. Why are they bringing up that topic?We arent bringing our friends to the show.   Present Perfect I havent brought much food today.How much money have they brought to the table?She hasnt brought any homework with her. Present Perfect Continuous She has been bringing her friends along for years.How long have you been bringing up that topic?They havent been bringing much to our potluck lately. Past Simple Alice brought a new friend to the party.When did you bring that subject up with him?She didnt bring any luggage with her last weekend. Past Continuous I was bringing out the present when she burst into the room.What were you bringing up when he interrupted you?He wasnt bringing about any change when they let him go. Past Perfect The others had brought the food before they arrived.How many books had you brought to the study session?She hadnt brought up that topic until you mentioned it.   Past Perfect Continuous She had been bringing different friends to work for years before her boss told her to stop.How long had they been bringing their lunch to work before they started eating in the cafeteria?She hadnt been bringing many friends around when he asked her to stop bringing anyone.   Future (Will) Janice will bring the dessert.What will you bring to the party?She wont bring that up at the meeting.   Future (Going to) I am going to bring the drinks to the party.When are you going to bring your friends around for a visit?They arent going to bring her instrument to the concert.   Future Continuous This time next week we will be bringing about a number of changes.What will you be bringing up at the next meeting?She wont be bringing anything to eat, so were going out.   Future Perfect They will have brought enough food by six oclock.How many times will you have brought a dessert by the end of the year?We wont have brought enough steaks, so Ill go shopping. To continue learning, make sure you study other irregular verbs and practice using a variety of tenses. Continue your focus on irregular verbs and practice using a variety of tenses. Continue your focus on bring with the following quiz. Bring Quiz Use the verb bring in the correct tense in the sentences below: I __________  the cake to the party before he arrived.We  __________  the product out twenty years ago.Who  __________ the wine to the party?I think Tom  __________ his girlfriend to the party, but Im not sure.Alex always  __________  work home with him.She ______________ up the topic when he rudely interrupted.They  __________  many friends to dinner since they moved here two years ago.Susan ____________ a few friends over before I arrived.She  __________ the list right now. Dont worry.My neighbor  _______ up a few topics at the meeting last week.   Answers: had broughtbroughtwill bring/is going to bringwill bringbringswas bringinghave brought  had brought  is bringingbrought

Rotary Rock Tumbler Instructions

Rotary Rock Tumbler Instructions The most common type of rock tumbler is a rotary drum tumbler. It polishes rocks by simulating the action of the ocean waves. Rotary tumblers polish rocks much more quickly than the ocean, but it still takes some time to go from rough rocks to polished stones! Expect the process to take at least a month from start to finish. Use these instructions as a starting point for your tumbling. Keep records of the type and quantity of rock and grit/polish, and duration of each step. Use this information to refine your technique for the best results. Rock Tumbler Materials List Rotary tumblerRocks (all the same approximate hardness in a load)Plastic PelletsSilicon Carbide Grits (You may add a 400 mesh SiC step, if desired, before polishing)Polishing Compounds (e.g. alumina, cerium oxide)Lots of Water How To Use a Rock Tumbler Fill the barrel 2/3 to 3/4 full of rocks. If you dont have enough rocks, you can add plastic pellets to make up the difference. Just make sure to use those pellets only for coarse polishing and use new pellets for the polishing stages. Keep in mind that some plastic pellets float, so make sure you add them to the proper volume before  adding water.Add water so that you can see it between the stones but do not completely cover the stones.Add grit (see chart below).Make sure your charged barrel falls within the weight allowance for the rotor to be used.Each step runs for at least a week. For the first step, remove the barrel after 12-24 hours and open it to release any gas buildup. Resume tumbling. Dont be afraid to open the barrel periodically to make sure a slurry is forming and to check the progress of the process. The tumbler should have a uniform tumbling sound, not sound like tennis shoes in a dryer. If the tumbling is not uniform, check the level of the load, formation of slur ry, or mixture of rock sizes, to make sure these things are optimal. Keep notes and have fun! Let the rough grind (60/90 mesh for hard stones, start with the 120/220 for soft stones) run until all of the sharp edges have been knocked off the stones and they are pretty smooth. You can expect to lose about 30% of each stone during the tumbling process, with almost all of the loss during this first step. If the stones are not smoothed after 10 days, you will need to repeat the step with fresh grit.After a step has been completed, rinse the stones and the barrel thoroughly to remove all traces of the grit. I use an old toothbrush to get into the hard-to-reach areas. Set aside any stones that are broken or have pits or cracks. You can add them to the first step of the next batch of stones, but they will diminish the quality of all of your stones if you leave them in for the next step.For the next step, you again want the rocks to fill the barrel 2/3 to 3/4 full. Add plastic pellets to make up the difference. Add water and grit/polish and proceed. The keys to success are making cer tain there is no contamination of steps with grit from the previous step and avoiding the temptation to move on to the next step too early. Barrel Grit Mesh 60/90 120/220 Prepolish Polish 1.5# 4 T 4 T 6 T 6 T 3# 4 T 4 T 6 T 6 T 4.5# 8 T 8 T 10 T 10 T 6# 10 T 12 T 12 T 12 T 12# 20 T 20 T 25 T 25 T Helpful Tips for Perfectly Polished Rocks Do not overload your tumbler! This is a leading cause of belt breakage and motor burn-out. When in doubt, weigh your barrel. A barrel for a 3-lb motor should not exceed a weight of 3 pounds when charged with rocks, grit, and water.Oil the tumbler bushings with a single drop of oil, but do not overdo it! You do not want oil on the belt, as this will cause it to slip and break.Resist the temptation to tumble rocks with cracks or pits. Grit will get into these pits and contaminate subsequent steps, ruining the polish of the entire load. No amount of scrubbing with a toothbrush will remove all of the grit inside a pit!Use a balanced load that includes both large and small rocks. This will improve the tumbling action.Make sure all rocks in a load are of the same approximate hardness. Otherwise, the softer stones will be worn away during the polishing process. An exception to this is when you are purposely using softer stones to fill/cushion a load.Dont wash grit down the drain! It will cr eate a clog that is impervious to drain cleaner. I rinse the grit steps outside using a garden hose. Another option is to rinse the grit into a bucket, for later disposal somewhere other than your plumbing. Dont reuse grit. Silicon carbide loses its sharp edges after about a weeks tumbling time and becomes useless for grinding.You can reuse plastic pellets, but take care to avoid contaminating the polishing stages with grit. Use separate plastic pellets for these stages!You can add baking soda, Alka-Seltzer, or a Tums to a load to prevent gas build-up.For smooth river rocks or for any softer stones (e.g. sodalite, fluorite, apatite), you may omit the first coarse grit step.For softer stones (especially obsidian or apache tears), you want to slow the tumbling action and prevent the stones from impacting each other during polishing. Some people have success adding corn syrup or sugar (twice as much as the amount of prepolish and polishing agent) to thicken the slurry. Another option is to polish the stones dry (as in no water) with cerium oxide and oatmeal. Are you interested in using a vibratory tumbler to polish rocks? Then try these instructions instead.

Classification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Classification - Essay Example Offline marketing on the other hand, involves use of media such as television, radio and newspapers for advertising. These are the conventional forms of marketing which companies have been successfully using over the years. Volkswagen has effectively made used of newspaper audio advertisements in emerging economies in its marketing campaigns. Another way of classifying marketing is through who finds whom. When the companies make efforts to reach their potential customers, it is called as outbound marketing. In this type, organizations make efforts to market their products even if customers are not searching for them or just don’t need them. Marketers use tools such as billboards, newsletters, banners and telephone calls to approach the customers. The opposite of outbound marketing is inbound marketing. In this type of marketing, the customers start with a need of a product or service and then look out for companies who can fulfill their requirement. When customers look out for a product or service on a search engine such as Yahoo or Google, the search engine optimization helps in inbound marketing. Similarly, when a person looks to buy a home, he is using this type of marketing. Another way to classify marketing is through the use of marketing methods. When marketers need to send message directly to customers without use of middlemen or third parties, they make use of direct marketing. In this marketing, they make use of tools such as mail marketing, telemarketing and direct selling. In this marketing, the marketer directly faces the customer and hence can easily interpret the success or failure of his product or service and can work on its improvement with other organizational members. Indirect marketing comprises of all other methods which are not direct. Thus, when a company uses Television, Newspapers, advertising agencies and Internet, it is making use of indirect

Families Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Families - Essay Example Therefore, while defining the term â€Å"family†, it is important to mention that a group of individuals make a family irrespective of whether they love one another or not since they are blood-related to one another and are biologically family members. Often, family members assume financial obligations towards one another religiously if not legally. On the other hand, new concepts of family are emerging with the changing moods of the dynamic modern world, where homosexuality has been legally accepted in certain countries. But such concepts are man-made. It is highly unethical to consider such union of people as a family. In today’s society, the definition of â€Å"family† I gave might not be quite welcomed and many people might find it offensive. Typically, the gays and lesbians would find it an offense of their fundamental beliefs. Today’s modern society has given equal rights to homosexuals and straight people. This gives the homosexuals leverage to choose to live with the person they like irrespective of his/her gender. Homosexuals tend to make a family. But they certainly can not make babies in the natural biological way. This speaks of the nature’s definition of a family. Nature certainly does not consider them a family and accordingly does not bless them with children. That is why, homosexuals living together tend to develop themselves as a family by adopting children. This is highly unethical because it does not only ruin the fundamental structure of a family, but also inculcates many negative aspects in the personality of the adopted children. On the other hand, m any thoughtful people will consider this definition of family quite rational since it covers all major aspects of relationship between individuals forming a family. According to my definition of a family, individuals caught in a legal case should find help from their family members. Help comes in the form of financial support and psychological

Non-Uniform Essay Example for Free

Non-Uniform Essay I believe wearing a school uniform is an obstacle of children’s right to individuality and self-expression. Everyone is unique, and so making children wear a school uniform takes away their individuality and personality. Maybe this discourages them from performing to their fullest potential, and exceeding to higher levels in their subjects? I think most school uniforms are hideous and unappealing, and being forced to wear something that is not comfortable to a child is not good for their mental image. What happens if someone doesn’t like the colour green, red, yellow, grey or any other colour? If children were allowed to wear their own clothes at least they would be comfortable in it. In the case of younger children, if they got their only school jumper muddy, they wouldn’t have another one to wear the next day, which would mean they got told off at school. Uniforms make parents spend more money unnecessarily. They are expensive, and parents already have to spend money on clothes for children to wear outside school. If children didn’t have to wear a uniform, parents would definitely have more money to save up to spend on bills, rent, tax and VAT. People think that if children wore their own clothes, alliances and gangs would form according to social interests, fashion groups etc. I think these gangs or groups will still form even if everyone is wearing uniform; children would be bullied for other things except their clothes, maybe even encouraging racism. Because students are easily recognisable in school uniform, this may also encourage bullying and rivalry between pupils and schools.

Transgenic Rice Plants Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For centuries, rice has been one of the most important staple crops for the world and it now currently feeds more than two billion people, mostly living in developing countries. Rice is the major food source of Japan and China and it enjoys a long history of use in both cultures. In 1994, worldwide rice production peaked at 530 million metric tons. Yet, more than 200 million tons of rice are lost each year to biotic stresses such as disease and insect infestation. This extreme loss of crop is estimated to cost at least several billion dollars per year and heavy losses often leave third world countries desperate for their staple food. Therefore, measures must be taken to decrease the amount of crop loss and increase yields that could be used to feed the populations of the world. One method to increase rice crop yields is the institution of transgenic rice plants that express insect resistance genes. The two major ways to accomplish insect resistance in rice are the introduction of the potato proteinas e inhibitor II gene or the introduction of the Bacillus thuringiensis toxin gene into the plant's genome. Other experimental methods of instituting insect resistance include the use of the arcelin gene, the snowdrop lectin/GNA (galanthus nivallis agglutinin) protein, and phloem specific promoters and finally the SBTI gene.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The introduction of the potato proteinase inhibitor II gene, or PINII, marks the first time that useful genes were successfully transferred from a dicotyledonus plant to a monocotyledonous plant. Whenever the plant is wounded by insects, the PINII gene produces a protein that interferes with the insect's digestive processes. These protein inhibitors can be detrimental to the growth and development of a wide range of insects that attack rice plants and result in insects eating less of the plant material. Proteinase inhibitors are of particular interest because they are part of the rice plant's natural defense system against insects. They are also beneficial because they are inactivated by cooking and therefore pose no environmental or health hazards to the human consumption of PINII treated rice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to produce fertile transgenic rice plants, plasmid pTW was used, coupled with the pin 2 promoter and the inserted rice actin intron, act 1. The combi... ... SBTI gene is being cloned into vectors and is being used to transform other types of embryos using the particle gun technique.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, through the use of new technologies such as the introduction of potato proteinase inhibitor II gene, the establishment of the Bacillus thuringiensis toxin gene and the experimental methods of using the arcelin gene, the snowdrop lectin/GNA (galanthus nivallis agglutinin) protein, and phloem specific promoters and finally the SBTI gene, rice plants have become almost completely resistant to insects that used to destroy much of the crop. This has been an important step in biotechnology because the improvement of rice plants is a major concern that could potentially effect almost all of the populations of the world. Biotechnology has become an increasingly accepted method of solving some of the major problems in agriculture, medicine, and industry. Potentially, with the advancements of many techniques, almost whenever people eat, drink, take medicine, or go to work, they will be touched in some way by the many complicated processes of biotechnology, that are striving to make our world a better place to exist in.

A Synopsis of the Movie The Graduate

A world without rebels would be a world with no change. If specific groups didn't escape the status quo, life would essentially go on as if it were put on repeat. Nothing would ever change, and nothing new would ever be accomplished. And most importantly, there would be no distinguishing factors between any two generations. Generations are shaped by the exclusive social changes that transpire over a given time period. Each generation desperately wants to set themselves apart by challenging the values and morals of the ones who came before them.They rebel against everything they were once taught in order to be independent and live a appy life. These rebellions have shaped American society for decades. Mike Nichol's film, The Graduate, tells the story of a young man's rebellion against his family and against society. The story unfolds in the nineteen sixties during a time of a major cultural change. In The Graduate, Benjamin Braddock consistently rebels against everything he believes i n, which doesn't stray far from the typical behavior of most youth in the nineteen sixties. Rebellion is a recurring theme throughout Nichol's film.The main character, Benjamin Braddock, had Just graduated college and had no definite plan for his uture endeavors. On the other hand, Benjamin's overbearing parents practically had his life laid out for him. As soon as he returned home from graduating college they constantly pestered him about attending graduate school. At the time, the thought of attending graduate school or starting a career stressed Benjamin out, and he admitted that he was nervous about his future. At his graduation party he told his father that he wishes that his future could be â€Å"different†, but his father did not seem to care about Benjamin's uncertainties.Therefore, he followed what most kids is age were doing in the sixties and rebelled against conformity. In the nineteen sixties the youth rebellion was in full swing. The youth wanted freedom from th e previous ways of the generation before them, so they began to rebel. The rebellion was massive because the current youth was comprised of the baby-boomer generation (â€Å"Rebellion and Reaction†). In fact it was so big that it gave the nineteen sixties the common nicknames of â€Å"the rebellious decade† and â€Å"the period of turmoil† (Bodroghkozy).The nineteen sixtys counterculture rebelled in various ways, but defying parental authorities was among the most popular. They wanted to ensure that their values and behaviors deviated from those of their parents. It was important to them that they made a new life for themselves that was for their own happiness and not for their parent's happiness (â€Å"Rebellion and Reaction†). They were striving to make their futures different Just like Benjamin Braddock wanted his future to be. Parents were always trying to map out their children's futures, but the rebellious youth of the nineteen sixties were all but willing to allow that to happen.Benjamin Braddock did everything he could to escape from his parent's high expectations. They were constantly telling him what to do and when to do it. However, Benjamin continued to ignore their constant demands and did the exact opposite of what he was told. He rebelled because he wanted to make himself happy betore pleasing his parents He was not ready to s tart a career or turtner his education; all he wanted to do was relax by his parent's pool and not worry about his future Just yet. The scene at his 21st birthday party finally allowed him to tune out the sound of his parents.He was given a scuba suit and was forced to test it out in front of everyone who was at his party. After he was forced into the pool, he found himself standing still at the bottom. He was finally alone and was not able to hear any of the noise coming from above the water. The camera angle shifted and was now from the perspective of Benjamin. It showed him looking up out of the water at his parents shouting at him, but he was not able to comprehend any of the words being yelled at him. This was Just the start of his rebellion against his parents.The fact that he was underwater symbolized that Benjamin felt like his parents were drowning him in all of their expectations. He was suffocating and was finally able to be at peace at the bottom of the pool. The majority of the youth at this time was searching for peace, and the only way of obtaining it was to rebel against the conformity of their parents. They all felt like they were being drowned; therefore they continued to rebel in ways that disgusted their parents and even disgraced society. The nineteen sixties was a time to experiment. The youth was trying so hard to change society and find a new identity for themselves.They did everything they could to stray away from what was considered normal. Drugs and sex played a major role in the youth's rebellion against society, and it was definitely a culture shock. During this time period, casual sex became more acceptable and a majority of the youth participated in it. It became so popular that it earned the name â€Å"free sex† and everyone was made aware of it (â€Å"Rebellion and Reaction†). It was mostly popular among the younger generation, but that didn't stop Benjamin Braddock from pursuing an older woman. He engaged himself in a long-term affair with one of his parent's friends.In the beginning he was very hesitant and nervous about the affair ut soon realized that it was the nineteen sixties and it was the start of the â€Å"free love† era. He became more comfortable with the affair as the movie went on. By committing adultery with Mrs. Robinson, Benjamin Braddock clearly destroyed all moral values of the generation that came before him. This kind of behavior was not acceptable for the previous generation but became a trend during his time. The counterculture strayed far away from the traditional values of their parents and â€Å"this marked the beginning of the sexual revolution† (â€Å"Primary Menu†).It was one of the iggest societal changes during the sixties. The affair between Mrs. Robinson and Benjamin Braddock was a little different from what was actually acceptable in the nineteen sixties. â€Å"Free sex† was acceptable; however, affairs were not. He soon realized that what he was doing was wrong and immediately put a stop to the affair. Even though he ended the affair, it was still understandable as to why he got himself into that position in the first place. Benjamin Braddock was Just trying to fit in with the rest of his generation in the sixties by rebelling against conformity.The sexual evolution was among the most rebellious acts of the nineteen sixties. The more Benjamin Braddock's parents pushed him, the more he rebelled. Not only did he rebel against going to graduate school and starting a career but he also had a scandalous long-term affair with one of his parent's close friends. Both acts were done to rebel against the contormity ot his parents and against society . Instead of conforming to the high expectations of his parents and society, Benjamin Braddock took a different path to ensure his own happiness. He follows his own heart and defies the path that was mapped out for him.

Revolutionizing the World Through Social Responsibility Essay

Businesses won’t be able to function effectively and efficiently without the help of the government. People are having a hard time figuring out the role of businesses in line with the aftermaths of different scandals and fiascos in the past. Friedman also wrote in his essay in 1972: â€Å"The Social Responsibility of businesses is to generate money. † After hearing a lot of Corporate Social Responsibility talks, this one line fairly caused a bit of confusion for me. Businesses’ sole purpose and objective is to generate money. It’s implied. But whenever I hear Social Responsibility, I think of the words â€Å"philanthropy† and â€Å"non-profit†. But I think what Friedman meant in his essay is that in order for businesses to fully grasp their social responsibility in this economy is to first generate profit because that’s a start. They won’t be able to participate in this whole social responsibility thing if they don’t have impact capital. Businesses are created to do several ranges of things. First is to deliver superior value. They should help in the repair of damaged status quo. Second is to be mindful of their social impact. Businesses should use themselves to influence and promote social responsibility. Lastly, they should create and uphold new equilibrium. In this age wherein inequality is very rampant, businesses should initiate change and promote equality in their system then to the society. Businesses should create world changing impact. It’s what we need. In order for this to take place, there should be a cross-section collaboration between the government & business and philanthropy & non-profit. People should stop placing all the work to the private sectors can solve our problems and blaming them if they won’t be able to address the people’s problems. The speaker mentioned something about forces that can drive new movement in the supply chain. First is impact investing wherein capitalists create social benefit and drive economic return. One example is the disruptive model of a business called Zipcar. Zipcar encourages people to share a car, thus, taking cars off the road rather than putting more cars on the road which is better for the renter, sharer and most importantly, to the planet. Impact investing later on flows to demand. Businesses drive meaning & money and profit & purpose in order for them to generate profit and impact. The government plays a very vital role on the impact economy. It creates rules of the road in which firms can succeed. In which investors and entrepreneurs can thrive. The speaker enumerated four main functions of the government in order for them to participate fully in the impact economy. First, the government encourages standards. These standards help in the facilitation of common metrics. Global Impact Investing Reporting Standards (GIIRS) is one example. GIIRS evaluate firms’ performances to determine the social good that the business creates. Second, the government helps facilitate access. They help small and large businesses to gain entrance in the economy. Third, the government creates incentives. These incentives are powerful because they encourage people to be part of purpose-driven businesses. Lastly, it erects guardrails to protect the interest of the public. After watching this, it made me aware of the important roles played by businesses and the government. True enough. Businesses wouldn’t function well without the help of the government and vice versa. Collaboration between them should be fully applied. The government creates conditions in which businesses could succeed. Businesses help balance the economy with its clarification of the market with the mix of incentives. If these two function effectively together, impact economy can change our lives for the better. written by: Pamela Jessica V. Zaragoza Revolutionizing the World Through Social Responsibility – Speaker: Jonathan Greenblatt

Free Essays on Rip Van Winklel

Rip the Character I always thought the story of â€Å"Rip Van Winkle† was a kid’s story teaching the lesson to not be lazy. While in a way it still is a story about not being lazy it also symbolizes so much more than I ever knew. The character of Rip is used to show how the American man is seen from abroad. The foreigners stereotyped the typical American male as being the perfectly jolly over grown child, perpetually â€Å"one of the boys†, and ignorant of his own wife and the whole world of other adult men. Throughout out the following short essay I will discuss and support my topic of Rip as symbolic of the mythic American male. For example in the very beginning of the story Rip is perceived as a very lazy, yet jolly young man. When he’s introduced he is ducking out of work and avoiding the wife. All Rip wants to do is sit back and relax and let all the good things come to him. Rip himself does just enough to provide for him and his family. Speaking of his family, Rip’s children were very wild and ragged looking. Even his own son was taking after him all the way from his clothes to his attitude towards things. It is said in the story that Rip, if left to himself, would of whistled life away in perfect contentment. Such examples in the story point to how ignorant Rip is of his family and the rest of the world. Rip tried to work, but everything he tried don his own farm was useless. Every part of his farm was horrible. All his fences were falling apart, which sent his cows astray. Weeds had taken over his cabbage patch. Rip’s farm had become the worst farm in the town. No matter what Rip did his farm just wouldn’t do the correct thing. So instead of trying to fight his own farm Rip would take his jolly self into town every day. The children of the town loved Rip. Rip helped the kids build their toys, taught them how to fly kites, and shoot marbles. Just as a kid would be Rip was ready to do anyone o... Free Essays on Rip Van Winklel Free Essays on Rip Van Winklel Rip the Character I always thought the story of â€Å"Rip Van Winkle† was a kid’s story teaching the lesson to not be lazy. While in a way it still is a story about not being lazy it also symbolizes so much more than I ever knew. The character of Rip is used to show how the American man is seen from abroad. The foreigners stereotyped the typical American male as being the perfectly jolly over grown child, perpetually â€Å"one of the boys†, and ignorant of his own wife and the whole world of other adult men. Throughout out the following short essay I will discuss and support my topic of Rip as symbolic of the mythic American male. For example in the very beginning of the story Rip is perceived as a very lazy, yet jolly young man. When he’s introduced he is ducking out of work and avoiding the wife. All Rip wants to do is sit back and relax and let all the good things come to him. Rip himself does just enough to provide for him and his family. Speaking of his family, Rip’s children were very wild and ragged looking. Even his own son was taking after him all the way from his clothes to his attitude towards things. It is said in the story that Rip, if left to himself, would of whistled life away in perfect contentment. Such examples in the story point to how ignorant Rip is of his family and the rest of the world. Rip tried to work, but everything he tried don his own farm was useless. Every part of his farm was horrible. All his fences were falling apart, which sent his cows astray. Weeds had taken over his cabbage patch. Rip’s farm had become the worst farm in the town. No matter what Rip did his farm just wouldn’t do the correct thing. So instead of trying to fight his own farm Rip would take his jolly self into town every day. The children of the town loved Rip. Rip helped the kids build their toys, taught them how to fly kites, and shoot marbles. Just as a kid would be Rip was ready to do anyone o...

7 cities with the shortest work commutes

7 cities with the shortest work commutes Lots of things factor into your decision making when you’re searching for a new job, and everyone has their own unique list of criteria to consider. You’ll look at everything from job title and responsibilities to salary, perks, location, opportunities for growth, and more when you’re deciding if a job opening is potentially a good one for you. After all, a new job is a major life commitment! One element most people think about when deciding whether or not a potential job opportunity is right for them is the length of the commute. After all, you already devote a significant amount of your waking hours to work, so how much extra time you spend getting to and from your job matters.According to a recent TIME article, the average commute is just around 25 minutes each way, and it has a surprising number of effects on your health- difficult commutes negatively affect your mood, happiness, blood sugar, and cholesterol levels. They also lead to spikes in anxiety and dep ression, and can even lower your immunity and make you more susceptible to illness.While a  commute-free job opportunity is ideal (the rise of telecommuting is actually making this possible for many people), if you do have to leave the house to go to work, most of us, if given the choice, would opt for as short of a commute as possible.The truth is, not all cities and commutes are created equal. Some cities are much more manageable and efficient in terms of average commute time, while others will leave you navigating an endless time-draining maze each day. Let’s take a look at seven of the cities with the shortest work commutes, based on data compiled by the U.S. Census Bureau and individual reporting of average number of minutes spent traveling from home to work each day.Cheyenne, Wyoming- this city ranked #1 on the list of shortest work commutes, with the average worker spending approximately 13.7 minutes to get to work each day.Columbia, South Carolina- following right b ehind is this #2 ranked short-commute city, where the average person spends about 15.1 minutes to get to work each day.Fargo, North Dakota- folks who work in this #3 ranked city have pretty manageable work commutes, which average at just around 15.5 minutes.Lubbock, Texas- if you’re looking for a short commute you can’t do very much better than Lubbock; the average work commute is right about 15.9 minutes each way.Charleston, West Virginia- in addition to being the state capital, Charleston is also home to pretty tolerable commute times, which average just around 16.3 minutes each way.Sioux Falls, South Dakota- save time for the rest of the things going on in your life by working in this short-commute city, where the average worker spends around 16.7 minutes to get to work every day.Billings, Montana- last but not least on our list of top cities with the shortest average commute is Billings, where the average person uses just 17.5 minutes of each day to get to work.The re you have it- seven cities that are known for having typically short commute times. If a short commute is important to you- and with all of the evidence regarding how it affects your mental and physical well being it probably should be- consider pursuing job opportunities in these locations.

Waste water in UAE Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Waste water in UAE - Personal Statement Example t decades, rapid economic development and an exponentially expanding population have compelled the government to rely on non-conventional water resources. Some of the sources include desalination (Madwar & Tarazi, 2013) or treated wastewater as optional sources of water for irrigation purposes (MoHUD, 2014). The treated wastewater is widely applied as marginal water suitable for the cultivating of forages, in landscaping, in fruit farms among other uses (Alhumoud, et al, 2010). In the UAE, the yearly production of treated wastewater is averagely 450 million cubic meters, approximately 8% of the nation’s water capacity (Issa, et al, 2012). However, only approximately 60% percent of the treated wastewater is reused in the required areas. The low efficiency stems from the low capacity of the of the country’s distributing system following water treatment (Hamad, et al, 2013: Al-katheeri, 2008). Further, the reuse of treated wastewater presents several forms of risks that ex tend to the environment, health economic and strategic (Radan, 2010). The disturbing fact, however, is the challenges encountered in measuring the risks. The proposal presents an assessment of different options for the reuse of the treated wastewater and maps out the risks faced in the various phases. It further creates a basis for coming to terms with the continuation of the work plan that can establish financial functions that represent various risks. Through the synthesis of existing literature, the report seeks to establish the bet course of action for salvaging the situation. Hamad, A., Ahmed, A., & Douboni, M. (2013). Cost-effective wastewater treatment and recycling in mini-plants using mass integration. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 4(4), 246-256. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-002-0166-7 Worku, G. B. (2013). Demand for improved public transport services in the UAE: A contingent valuation study in Dubai. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(10),

Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Managment - Essay Example The paper ends with drawing on general and specific lessons out of the case study for management today. The Issue mainly in concern is the importance of political instability in management decision making. Popular uprising Before starting this paper let’s have a look at the word popular uprising. Popular Uprising as defined by the free dictionary has got two meanings: Widely appealed 1. Revolt against a state authority or constituted government or its laws; a rebellion. 2. Act or any instance of rising or of rising up. While the reverso.net dictionary defines it as Popular: An act widely accepted or appealed Uprising: A revolt or a rebellion Introduction to popular uprisings in Middle East Between the late 2010 and the early 2011 a wave of many spontaneous revolts in Tunisia along with Egypt led to the downfall of local regimes. The foreign exporters and the investors in these countries are being affected by the ongoing events, including industrial action, supply chain disrupt ions, looting, and increased counterparty risk. Furthermore, the success of initial protests ignited new tensions across the Middle East and the North Africa (MENA), threatening the very stability of Bahrain, Iran, Jordan, Algeria, Libya and Yemen. Uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt The catalyst for uprisings in Egypt and Tunisia revolts was the suicide of, Mohamed Bouazizi, in the Tunisian town in December 2010; he set himself on fire to revolt against a decision by local authorities to seize his wares. Within few weeks’ demonstrations spread in whole country, as many Tunisians took to the street for protest against political repression and living conditions. Unrest in Egypt Overthrown President Hosni Mubarak’s regime in February led to an unprecedented uprising that was unable to stop. The aims of the revolt were to topple Ben Ali and replace his authoritarian reign with a multi-party democracy. General effects on economy and businesses The wave of recent uprisings that is sweeping across the Middle East along with the North Africa is set to have a major impact on the risks of doing businesses in such country. As political instability keeps on rising in these regions, companies around the world would need to prepare for thereafter knock on effects on the supply chains and business costs occurring across most sectors. This would in the short term cause political instability and economic breakdown in the affected countries which is likely to impact the supply chains around the world; and the textile companies in Europe and consumer goods producers from China and other Asian economies are the ones most vulnerable to these shocks. The careful monitoring of such political and economic trends, the alternative sourcing and the stockpiling are the strategies that can reduce the impacts of these disruptions. The longer term effects would include heightened political risk that could lead to deteriorating economic conditions and tighter access to credit, rais ing the payment risks for the companies that are dealing with MENA (other emerging markets). Adequate political and export risk insurance cover and safe trade terms, such as the documentary credit, will be essentials to mitigating counterparty risk. In the wake of the recent crisis in the MENA region, the lenders and insurance companies are likely to upwardly re price the risk premium that is attached to dealing with such

History of Contemporary Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History of Contemporary Music - Essay Example Just as other terms that confine the artistic vocabulary like neoclassicism and totalitarianism, this category is forming arguments and a spread of various approaches and clear distinction. Contradictory to the globalization explanations that talk about a new age of the post historical. This essay will consider the age of the post modern music as an aesthetic paradigm that is illustrated by a specific type of music and focused on one musician, Neil Young. This will show the deconstruction that these expressions are carried out in both the historical accounts and the concepts of pure music, which features in the modern music. Contemporary History of Music: Neil Young The history of contemporary music can be summed up as modernism, which was featured in the twentieth century between the years 1900 and 1950, which was followed by post modernism from 1960 till present. This is one of the many comprehensions of contemporary music and other deductions are simply possible. By the year 1970, the term rock and roll had become almost meaningless, because it saw the break up of the rock and roll groups like the Beatles and death of the king of rock, who was significant influences on the genre. However, this era saw the rise of an influential young musician, Neil Young. Young became one of the most soughted after musicians of that era. This is because he was a philosopher, as seen in his lyrics and thoughtful, when it came to singing and writing songs that were reflective. His lyrics were mostly deep and from the heart, and this made it difficult to understand. Young was also the only musician who could change from one style of music to another seamlessly. After Young had moved from the California folk rock band in 1968, he made a name for himself as one of the most influential and eccentric singer and songwriter of his generation. His only rank second to that Bob Dylan in terms of being deep, and was able to maintain his record sales and reputation, for a longer time than Bob Dylan. This was because of his on purpose, obstinate work ethic. From the start of his solo musical career, fro the late sixties through to the twenty first century, he did not stop recording, writing and performing, and kept numerous unreleased songs in his safe. As much as he was influential, he only had one hit song, titled Heart of Gold, from his number one album Harvest, in 1972. The song sounds like a claim for emancipation of all conquering love. The song was made for a hit, since he included Linda Ronstadt and James Taylor as back up singers. The song is still among the most requested at concerts, presently. The song has been performed five hundred and forty eight times, since its debut on 1/10/1971. Young went on to explore new territories and genres of music, from rock, blues to electronic music. However, these stylistic exercises only gained significance as compared to his two primary genres namely: country rock and gentle folk, and also loud electronic guitar rock t hat he regularly. He usually alternated from these two extreme genres, which both proved equally influential. There emerged various bands and individual artists who claimed that they were influenced by Neil Young. Regardless of his massive influence and catalogue, he went on exploring new music. His restlessness ensured that he was one of the few veterans of rock as vital in his old age, as he was in his early stages of life. Neil Young and the song Heart of Gold is mostly taught in

Welfare State Development in the UK

Welfare State Development in the UK Modern welfare state development is generally considered to lead to social security or benefits payments, social housing provision, health provision, social work and educational services. Together these services are known as the big five but these services tend to develop over time and have differed in quantity, availability and quality. Provision and development can change due to social, economic and political factors (Spicker, 1995, p. 3). State provision of welfare has a long history, in Britain for instance dating back to the Elizabethan Poor Laws and earlier. Welfare states started to develop when surveys of poverty by people such as Charles Booth showed the inadequacy of welfare provisions that could not deal with poverty particularly with increasing urbanisation and industrialisation (Thane, 1996, p. 7). The worldwide depression from 1929 would lead countries to consider further welfare developments. High unemployment (12% of the working population in Britain at its worst) showed that better welfare provision was needed (Robbins, 1994, p. 208). From such modest roots the public sector in Britain for example represents around 40 % of the economy (Simpson, 2005, p. 4). There are various key theories that seek to explain the processes involved in welfare state development that will be explained below. The theories have evolved or being devised to explain the differences and similarities in welfare state development in different countries at the same time or in a single country over a period of time. Theories agree that welfare states were developed to serve those that needed help the most or sometimes as universal services to all (OBrien and Penna, 1998, p. 2). After the main theories have been discussed the one or ones that are most applicable for evaluating contemporary changes will be outlined. There are different ways of looking at the development of the welfare state and deciding how far it should extend, demands for changes can result from improved technology, shifting social or economic factors and demographic trends such as lower birth rates and people living longer. As governments have discovered welfare states mean people are living longer and healthier lives which means that there are more pensioners but less working people to sustain the pensions and extra health and care services they need (Department for Work and Pensions, 2005 p. 4). Four key theories of welfare state development are based around liberalism, Marxism, Neo-liberalism and post structuralism and have all at some point been reflected in or used in the development of welfare states. Developments in welfare states can also be reactive or proactive depending on the ideological aims and visions of governments or their ability to make social policy (Spicker, 1995, p. 35). Liberalism tended to stress the role of the individual in providing for their own needs; the state should only intervene to help those that were incapable of finding work. The capitalist market would eventually provide better lives for everyone; there was only a minimum role for state intervention (OBrien and Penna, 1998, p. 21). In Britain the liberals originally achieved their aims for welfare state development with the 1834 Poor Law Act that finally replaced the long lasting but no longer effective act of 1601. Following the new act the poor were put in workhouses where they had to work in return for being housed and fed (OBrien and Penna, 1998, p. 21). Liberalism stressed in its original form that all the state needs to do is give individuals the freedom to make their own choices, only helping the really destitute. For them government only needs to uphold laws and property rights. The business of government of business was to allow businesses to operate freely (R. Bellamy Liberal ism from Eatwell and Wright, 2003, pp. 27-28). However some liberals recognised the shortcomings of laissez-faire economics particularly during recessions and slumps. They also noted the failings of the Poor Law to tackle poverty even during periods of improving prosperity. There emerged new and radical liberalism that called for increased welfare provision and the emergence of limited welfare states. The British Liberal governments of 1906-1914 epitomized that approach by introducing state old age pensions and labour exchanges for the unemployed (Comfort, 1993, p. 347). In contrast Germany had already had a well-developed welfare state provision by 1900. Curiously Bismarck who wanted a healthy well-educated population drew up this system (M Donald Hancock et al, 1998, p.295). Two new liberals in the form of William Beveridge and John Maynard Keynes where the respective architects of the Atlee governments comprehensive welfare state and postwar interventionist economic policies or Keynesian (Bellamy from Eatwell and Wright, 2003, p. 33). Beveridge had plenty of experience in welfare policy having being in charge of the labour exchanges and lecturing on economics at Oxford University and the London School of Economics. Keynes had been an economics adviser to the British government and inspired the New Deal programme in the USA (Crystal, 1998, pp. 105 523). Marxism was developed by Karl Marx in conjunction with Fredrich Engels and led to a second keynote theory of developing the welfare state. Of course Marx and Engels were not concerned with such issues as they wished to promote communism and work towards the working classes taking over economic and political power from the capitalist classes. A Marxist state would develop a welfare state to promote progress, communism and above all protect the workers and eliminate poverty. Marx believed that capitalism would be replaced by communism thus replacing the inequalities and giving everybody enough to meet their needs (OBrien and Penna, 1998, p. 44). The Marxist movement was not unified about how it would develop the welfare state or indeed gain power. Some Marxists such as the German Social Democrats preferred to use parliamentary democracy to achieve power and develop a welfare state. The seminal Erfurt Programme of 1891 called for welfare provisions such as eight- hour working days, free healthcare, free education, minimum wages and equality for women. More radical Marxists such as Lenin and Trotsky advocated armed revolutions and were able to seize power himself. The Soviet Union itself developed a welfare state with free medical and education services and pensions with unemployment officially non-existent (J.F Femia Marxism and Communism from Eatwell and Wright, 2003, pp. 110-12). In Imperial Germany, Bismarck set up the welfare state to undermine the socialists thus taming these wild beast of the political forest (Hobsbawm, 1987, p. 102). The Marxist-Leninist regimes of the Soviet Union and its Central and Eastern European satellites may have developed welfare states but they failed to produce the economic prosperity of the West and the many failures of their planned economies contributed to the fall of these regimes. On the other hand their population were all more economically equal, they were poor but had free welfare provision and no political rights. The third main keynote theory for welfare state development is Neo-Liberalism most closely associated with the governments of Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan. In Britain and other parts of Western Europe the combination of Keynesian economics and all embracing welfare provision that had helped to achieve postwar prosperity faltered in the late 1960s and the 1970s. Neo-Liberals believed that the combination of Keynesian economics and the welfare state were contributing to economic and political stagnation and were no longer viable. Margaret Thatchers government elected in 1979 proceeded to formerly ditch Keynesian economics and intended to cut back on the welfare state (OBrien and Penna, 1998, p. 78-79). Following policies that became known as Thatcherism nationalised industries were privatised, subsidies to ailing private companies were stopped, and council houses were sold off. These policies increased unemployment but eventually lowered inflation. Margaret Thatcher also limited trade union power and defeated the miners during the bitter strike of 1984-1985. She brushed aside opposition to her policies as people accept there is no alternative (Comfort, 1993, p. 608). The planned reduction in expenditure on the welfare state never materialised as higher unemployment pushed up benefit payments and more civil servants were needed to process those claims. The Conservatives found that the National Health Service was politically sacred although they were able to introduce an internal market to aid efficiency. Neo-liberalism is a return to the ideas of classic liberalism and views the state in the same negative light. However it has not being able to dismantle the welfare state just to reform it (OBrien and Penna (1998) p. 103). In the USA Reagans policies produced similar levels of unemployment and poverty whilst increasing military spending substantially. Jessie Jackson accused Reagan of spending millions to beat our plowshares into swords, while leaving the di sadvantaged begging for bread Carroll and Noble, 1988, p. 437). Reagan found it easier to repudiate welfare and spurn the legacy of the New Deal than Thatcher found it to reverse the concept of provision from the cradle to the grave (Hobsbawm, 1994, p. 249). Post-structuralism emerged at a similar time to Neo-liberalism from the 1960s. Unlike Neo-liberalism it does not see liberalism in any guise or Marxism as adequate methods of understanding social and economic policy or as foundations for welfare state development. Instead of concentrating on the state and individuals Poststructuralism aims to understand the relationships between knowledge of social life and the diffusion of power through society (OBrien and Penna, 1998, p. 105). Marxism started to suffer a crisis from the 1970s with its economic weaknesses greatly undermining its social and political foundations and bringing about the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe (Agh, 1998, p. 6). Actual welfare state development is more often a mixture of more than one of these approaches. Development is often based on pragmatic concerns as much as ideological ones. Political concerns particularly in liberal democracies can dictate welfare state development. Welfare measures that are electorally popular will often be implemented ahead of reforms that would make the system more effective yet could be electorally damaging. Recent demographic changes and future trends certainly make welfare state development a vital issue for the present and the future. While those aged over 65 currently represent 16% of the UKs population by 2041 that figure is estimated to rise to 25%. The UKs government Actuarys Department also estimates that the working age section of the population will decrease from 65% to 58% which is all those aged 16 to 64 (DWP, 2005, p.16). . Aging populations are a serious problem to how welfare states as already developed can be sustained. By 1994 over 65s made up 15 % of the German population, 14.5% of the French population and 17.7% of the Swedish population (M Donald Hancock et al, 1998 p. 90). Generally those of the left of the political divide are more likely to prefer a greater development of the welfare state than those on the right who either maintain the status quo or cut it back if they can (Spicker, 1995, p. 77). Based on the facts of aging populations with fewer people of working age paying taxes to fund welfare and benefits expenditure the latest trends in welfare state development tend to stress targeting expenditure to the most needy, providing value for money and preventing fraud. In Britain New Labour has attempted to reform housing benefit and introduced performance standards to improve administration by local authorities. The government has had some success in countering fraud (DWP, 2003, pp. 32-39). New Labour introduced the New Deal to help young people, disabled people and lone parents back into work. Since 1997, two million more people of working age have gained employment reducing benefits expenditure by 5 billion a year, with the purpose of tackling the scourge of unemployment, inactivity and poverty (DWP, 2005, p. 4). For Western Europe the keynote theory that best described welfare state development up to the 1960s would have been variations of liberalism with elements of socialism, for instance British new liberalism and the West German social market economy. From the 1970s neo-liberalism and Poststructuralism had a greater influence on the development of welfare states reflected most closely in the neo-liberal tenets of Thatcherism in Britain. Neo-liberalism did reduce the size of public sectors in the countries that tried it but its deflationary effects led to higher unemployment and higher benefits expenditure. Neo-liberalism would be the best theory to describe the welfare state developments in Central and Eastern Europe after the end of communism. Over all neo- liberalism is now probably the best keynote theory with the proviso that previous liberal and socialist as opposed to Marxist legacies are still apparent and politically untouchable. The reforms needed to amend, extend and continue w elfare state development would best be considered under a Post-structuralist framework. Welfare states especially in the West face the growing challenge of providing for the extra needs of aging populations whilst the working age populations needed to pay for them dwindles. Possible solutions could include raising retirement ages, persuading more people to provide for their own health care and pensions, encouraging people to have more children or encourage immigration from developing nations. Bibliography Agh, A. (1998), The Politics of Central and Eastern Europe Sage, London Carroll, P.N. and Noble, D.W. (1988) The Free and the Unfree- A new history of the United States 2nd edition, Penguin, New York Comfort, N. Dictionary (1993) Brewers Politics a Phase and Fable Cassell, London Crystal, D. (1998) The Cambridge Biographical Encyclopedia, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press Department for Work and Pensions (2003) Departmental Report 2003 The Stationery Office, London Department for Work and Pensions (2005) Five Year Strategy -Opportunity and Security throughout life The Stationery Office, London Donald Hancock, M; Conradt, D.P; Guy Peters, B; Safran, W. and Zariski, R. (1998) Politics in Western Europe 2nd edition, Macmillan, London Eatwell, R and Wright, A. (2003) Contemporary Political Ideologies 2nd edition, Continuum, London Hobsbawm, E. (1987) The Age of Capital 1875-1914, Weidenfeld Nicholson, London Hobsbawm, E. (1994) The Age of Extremes The short Twentieth Century 1914-1991, Michael Joseph, London OBrien, M. and Penna, S (1998) Theorising Welfare Enlightenment and Modern Society Sage Publications, London Robbins, K. (1994) The Eclipse of a Great Power Modern Britain 1870 1992, 2nd edition, Longman, London Simpson, J. (January 2005) Meet Barry- hes here to help Public service director magazine Spicker, P. (1995) Social Policy Themes and Approaches, Prentice Hall Harvester Wheatsheaf, London Thane, P. (1996) Foundations of the Welfare State 2nd edition Longman, London

Mergers in the World Economy Essay -- Economics Wealth Papers

Mergers in the World Economy . "Monopoly is a great enemy to good management which can never be universally established but in consequence of that free and universal competition which forces every body to have recourse to it for the sake of self-defense" (Smith, 1776: 63). Adam Smith found that monopolies were a negative aspect for an economy therefore supporting competition among firms in order to protect one’s firm. Competition policy affects the nature of firms and policy makers in today’s global economy. Competition policy effects the world economy in many ways and with its increase in importance there must be an international agreement on competition policy. Adam Smith highly regarded competition policy as a means to enhance economic performance. Mergers can provide positive aspects for an economy and competition policy but also provide problems. The merger of aircraft manufacturers shows how mergers directly affect society today. Competition within economies is the act of competing in the international economy. Competition policy is necessary to regulate competition between firms. It serves as a barrier for misconduct of firms while encompassing antimonopoly policies which act as guideline against boundaries or barriers. "Competition policy is understood as facilitating corporate takeovers to allow more efficient managers to control productive assets" (Peritz, 1996: 282) The main goal for competition policy is to support effectiveness of the economy as a whole. Smith points out how competition will only benefit both consumers and producers in the end rather than have a monopoly. "It can never hurt either the consumer or the producer on the contrary it must tend to make the retailers both sell cheaper and bu... ...ade Rules in the Making. Washington DC: The Brookings Institute Press. Jacquemin, Lloyd, Tharakan and Waelbroeck. 1998. "Competition Policy in an International Setting: The Way Ahead." The World Economy Volume 21 Number 8, pages 1179-1183. Kim, E. Han., Singal, Vijay. 1993. "Mergers and Market Power: Evidence from the Airline Industry." The American Economic Review Volume 83 Number 3, pages 549-568. Ott, James. 1986. "Airline Mergers Will Intensify Competition for Aircraft Orders." Aviation Week and Space Technology, pages 32-34. Peritz, Rudolph. 1996. Competition Policy in America: 1888-1992. England: Oxford University Press. Smith, Adam. 1776. The Wealth of Nations. England: Oxford University Press. Tharakan and Lloyd. 1998."Competition Policy in a Changing International Economic Enviroment." The World Economy Volume 21 Number 8, pages 997-1002.

Weather and its Effects

At the very least, we want to know how hot or cold it will get, or whether there will be rain or snow. Some of us live in places where severe weather can produce dangerous conditions flooding, tornados, blizzards or fogs, so we pay attention to weather related warnings. And these days, weather reports are getting more sophisticated, with pollen counts and particulates for allergy sufferers, and UP indices to tell you whether you need sunscreen. Since weather affects us so constantly, I put together this page to help understand he science of weather.I am not much interested In weather forecasting, which Is a very technical subject. This information is much more basic, about why weather â€Å"happens†, what's going on in the atmosphere, what weather-related terms we see on TV really mean, how to read weather maps. It's mostly practical Information, from a not very technical perspective. Weather and Climate Before we begin, let's differentiate between weather and climate. Weather is the state of your local atmosphere at any given time, in terms of such measurements as temperature. Wind speed, alarm pressure. Reciprocation, etc. Weather Is very specific – it's about a particular place at a particular time. It varies on a relatively small scale – for example, it could be raining in your area, while it's dry 10 miles away. It could be 72 degrees near your home, but only 65 degrees a few miles away. You could have a thunderstorm at 6 p. M. And have the sky clear by midnight. So when we're talking about weather. We are talking about a relatively small area and a very specific time. Moving to a different area, or going forward in time quickly changes the weather.On the other hand, climate is about long term averages. It concerns the same things as weather measurements like temperature, pressure, rainfall, precipitation but these measurements are averaged over a long period. If you say â€Å"the average high temperature for Boston in April is 56 deg rees†, then you are talking about climate. In order to report that average temperature, someone must have measured the high temperature each day in April, and then averaged those highs. Further, it's not enough to do that for one year, because any given year could be hotter or colder than average.So they must have measured high temperatures ACH day in April for several years, in order to calculate a multi-year average. In fact, in many places, such temperature records go back a century or more. These 100+ year records are used to calculate averages for temperatures, rainfall, weather patterns, etc. , and these long terms averages constitute the climate. It's Important to remember that weather can be very variable, but climate Is not. You could hit a high of 80 degrees on April 4th in Chicago one year, but in another year, the high on the same date might barely reach the freezing point at 32 degrees. There than a year-to-year variability. It doesn't even mean that the whole mon th of April was hotter, or the whole year was hotter. In order to make any long term comparisons, in order to show any trends, you absolutely need multi-year climate data. The Earth's Atmosphere Since weather is the condition of the atmosphere above a certain location, at a certain time of day or night, let's consider the atmosphere in more detail for a bit. The Earth's atmosphere extends from ground surface to the edge of interplanetary space.Most of this atmosphere is contained in a narrow band, about 7-10 kilometers high, which is known as the troposphere. About 80% of the mass of the atmosphere is contained within this thin band. Although 7-10 kilometers (23,000 – 32,000 feet) may not seem like a â€Å"thin† band, but it really is, if you consider how far the Earth's atmosphere extends. Technically, the Earth's atmosphere reaches half way to the moon (about 180,000 km) you have to go about that far before the density of atoms in the atmosphere equals the density of atoms typical of interplanetary space.Much of it is even visible to the naked eye. Astronauts in space can see the Corcoran, which looks like a hazy band surrounding the Earth, extending to about 100,000 km above the Earth. Of course, the upper atmosphere hundreds of miles above the Earth is unbreakable and almost empty. In fact, anything over 100 km is considered space, and if you go there, you are technically considered an astronaut by the World Air Sports Federation (this was the definition of space used for the X-Prize). The International Space Station (SIS) orbits at about 350 km.Low earth orbit, used by a huge number of satellites, extends to about 2000 km at most. These regions are commonly referred to as â€Å"space† by most people, but they are still part of the Earth's atmosphere. There is enough air up there that satellites slow down over time due to air friction, their orbits decay, and they ultimately fall back to the Earth. The SIS needs to be boosted every few months to a higher orbit, or it would also fall back to Earth. The Hubble telescope orbits at 595 km, and although it is more stable than the SIS, its orbit will also decay and fall back to Earth eventually.You have to go as far as geostationary or geosynchronous orbits (about 35,000 km) before the friction of the atmosphere (communications satellites are often in such orbits) becomes a smaller concern than gravitational perturbations. But this is still within the atmosphere. For the discussion of weather, however, we do not usually need to consider such high altitudes. 80% of the Earth's atmosphere is contained within the troposphere, a zone which extends from the surface of the Earth to about 10 km (it varies with latitude about 7 km over the poles, and about 17 km over the equator). 9% of the atmosphere is contained within the troposphere and the next zone outward – the stratosphere. The stratosphere extends from the boundary of the troposphere (known as the troposphere) to about 50 – 55 km from the surface of the Earth. Since the stratosphere), this is where weather happens. Outside this region, the air is not dense enough to display phenomena which are energetic enough to affect the weather. If the Earth's atmosphere were in complete equilibrium, we would have no â€Å"weather†. Conditions would be unchanging – there would be no day or night, no seasons, no rainfall, nothing.The source of changes in weather is changes in some other condition, some other variable. That variable is largely the Sun, although other factors also play a role. The spin of the Earth about its axis produces day and night, which means that energy input from the Sun on any given area of the Earth's surface varies cyclically reaching a peak during the day, and falling at night. This day-night cycle is a major source of weather, but it is modified and added to by many other cycles and factors as well. Some of these other factors vary by time of day or year , while others vary by location on the Earth's surface.In either case, variations are what fuel changes in the atmosphere, which we call weather. What factors cause the energy input of some local area on the Earth to change? Here are some: Latitude How far you are from the equator determines the angle of incidence of the Sun's rays at your location. This is extremely important in determining how much energy you receive from the Sun. The diagram at the right explains how this happens. Note that the diagram is not to scale, it shows the Sun as much smaller than the Earth, but that makes no difference to the explanation. The Sun is roughly spherical.It radiates energy in all directions. A very small portion of this energy is intercepted by the Earth. If we assume that the Sun radiates energy equally in all directions, we can imagine its surface (which radiates the energy) as Ewing divided into patches, measured by degrees of solid angle (usually expressed in stranding). Since the Earth is very far away from the Sun, and very small, it intercepts direct light from a very small patch of Sun. Notice the qualifier â€Å"direct†, as in â€Å"direct light†. This is important because the situation described is a simplification.In reality, the surface of the Sun emits light in all directions; therefore the Earth receives light from all parts of the Sun that are facing the Earth at a given time, not Just a single patch which is closest to the Earth. However, the density or intensity of this light is greatest when it is direct, that is, when a ray of light perpendicular to the Sun's surface intersects the Earth. So the relationship still holds – the more the direct sunlight falls upon some area of the Earth, the greater is the energy that area receives. He equator get progressively colder, because they get less direct sunlight. This creates bands or zones on the Earth's surface, with the hottest zones at the equator and the coldest zones at the poles. A temperature gradient is thus created, with high temperatures near the equator and cold temperatures at the poles. This temperature gradient drives the movement of air, which we perceive as winds. This variation is constant in time, meaning it does not change by time of the year. Latitude 50 North will always receive less installation than latitude 5 North, no matter what season of the year.It is simply a variation by location, that is, dependent upon the latitude location on Earth. Latitude is very important in setting up the permanent winds on Earth. We can divide the Earth (from North to South) into several well-marked zones. The band near the equator (about 5 ON to 5 so) is called the doldrums. It's the hottest part of the Earth, since the equator receives the most direct sunlight every year. On both sides of the equator are the tropics. These stretch roughly from the doldrums to the Tropic of Cancer (23. 5 ON) in the northern hemisphere, and to the Tropic of Capricorn (23. so) in the southern hemisphere. The tropics have a â€Å"tropical† climate – hot in the summers, mild in the winters. Beyond the tropics are the sub-tropical zones, which stretch from the Tropic of Cancer (23. 5 ON) to the Arctic Circle (66. 6 ON) in the northern hemisphere, and from the Tropic of Capricorn (23. 5 so) to the Antarctic Circle (66. 6 so) in the southern hemisphere. The subtropics usually have mild summers and cold winters. Beyond the subtropics lie the polar zones, from the Arctic Circle (66. 6 ON) to the North Pole (90 ON) in the northern hemisphere, and from the Antarctic Circle (66. so) to the South Pole (90 so) in the southern hemisphere. These are the coldest regions on Earth. Although there are many variations between different locations within the same zone (due to other differences, such as altitude, nearness to the sea, etc. Which are described below), the zones do broadly reflect the kind of climates found within. As mentioned earlier, they set up the patterns of the permanent winds – the trade winds, westerly's, polar winds. These permanent winds have a very strong effect on climate, and you can read about them in more detail on this page.Season The Earth's axis is not perpendicular to the plane of the Earth's orbit around the Sun; it is in fact tilted. The angle of tilt varies over time, but at present it is approximately 23. 5 degrees. Because the Earth revolves around the Sun, during the course of a full orbit around the Sun, each of Earth's hemispheres is at times tilted towards the Sun summer) and at other times tilted away from the Sun (Winter). The periods of maximum tilt are the solstices. In the year 2010, Summer solstice is on towards the Sun, which corresponds to summer and the longest day of the year in the northern hemisphere.Winter solstice in 2010 will be on Deck 21st at 1 1 PM (GMT), which corresponds to winter and the shortest day of the year for the northern hemisphere. As can be seen in the accompa nying diagram, a similar effect to the latitude differential described above happens during summer and winter. During summers, since the northern hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun, it receives more direct unlighted, leading to higher temperatures. During winters, since the northern hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun, it receives less direct sunlight, leading to colder temperatures. The effect is reversed in the southern hemisphere.Summer solstice in the northern hemisphere corresponds to winter solstice in the southern hemisphere, and vice versa. This seasonal effect can dramatically change weather patterns, and not Just in terms of temperatures. The change in temperature patterns across the globe shifts the high and low pressure areas of the atmosphere, which can lead to seasonal changes in winds. Indirectly, they can also affect precipitation, if for example, a winter wind which blows from land to land switches to a summer wind, which blows from sea to land. Wind blowing fr om the sea contains more moisture, which can lead to rain or snow.It's important to remember that while we think of seasons as a yearly phenomena, these changes are gradual and are happening constantly. Between the extremes of summer and winter solstice, each day the pattern changes gradually, the day becomes shorter or longer, depending upon whether the area is approaching summer or winter. While such small daily changes may seem miniscule when noninsured in terms of degrees of inclination or tilt, over the large surface of the Earth they correspond to significant shifts in the temperature zones. It's easy to calculate the magnitude of these daily changes. Since the Earth's axis is inclined at 23. Degrees, on summer solstice, latitude 23. 5 North (the Tropic of Cancer) is directly underneath the Sun (meaning, the Sun is directly overhead at noon on summer solstice day, if you happen to be at latitude 23. 5 North on that day). Similarly, on winter solstice day, latitude 23. 5 South (the Tropic of Capricorn) is directly underneath the Sun. So in the 6 months between the summer and winter solstices, the Sun changes its apparent position by 23. 5 + 23. 5 = 47 degrees in the sky. If we assume the Earth's radius to be 6400 km, then 47 degrees of latitude correspond to 47/360 = 5350 km of the Earth's surface.This means that the Earth's sun-directly-overhead-at-noon point migrates 5350 km north and south every 6 months. This is approximately 5350/180 = 29 km per day, or about 18 miles. As you can see, while it didn't seem much when we were simply looking at angles, if you warm front moving 18 miles in a day would definitely be noticed by us. So these hinges are important not Just on a seasonal basis, but also in affecting our day-to- day weather. Altitude The higher you go, the thinner the air gets. Dense air has a greater capacity to absorb and retain heat than thin air, so this is one reason why the temperature is colder at higher altitudes.However, this is insigni ficant compared to another effect, which is the cooling of air as it expands. According to the ideal gas law, the temperature of air is inversely proportional to its temperature, all else being the same. This is because as air expands under low pressure, it does work in expanding, and loses energy as ark done. Since the thermal conductivity of air is very low, it doesn't gain much heat from its surroundings, so the cooling is mostly diabetic, and well approximated by the gas law. The presence of water vapor upsets this relationship a bit, but not by a whole lot.This is the main reason why it's much colder at higher altitudes than it is at sea level. Therefore places which are near sea level and have thick, dense air are hotter than places at the same latitude which are at higher elevations. This is why the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro is covered with ice, even though it's located almost directly on the equator (about 3 so). There is a separate section here which talks about altitude- dependent atmospheric pressure changes in more detail. These changes are very important in determining the local climate of an area.Land and Oceans Land and oceans are heated differentially by the Sun. Land has a smaller thermal capacity than water. This has several interesting effects. First, it means that the same amount of solar heat will raise the temperature of land much more than it will raise the temperature of water. Therefore, during a given day land at the same latitude as water will become much hotter than the water. Since they are at the same latitude, they have received roughly the same amount of solar energy, and absorbed roughly the same amount of energy (actually, the water absorbs a bit more).But because of the difference in thermal capacities, land becomes much hotter than water with the same amount of energy. In terms of local winds, this might mean that the wind direction is from the land towards the water during the day (since air moves from higher temperature a nd low pressures towards colder temperatures and high pressures). Secondly, the greater heating or cooling of land leads to greater temperature preferential. The rate of heat gain or loss of an object depends upon the temperature differential between that object and its environment.For example, if you heat a pot of water to boiling (100 co), and then remove it from the stove and let it 10 co. If room temperature is 20 co, then the water will drop from 100 co to 90 co very quickly, but it will go from 30 co to 20 co much more slowly. This is because the temperature differential between the water and room temperature is much higher when the water is at 100 co than when it is at 30 co. Since land heats up more during he day, the temperature differential is higher, therefore land cools very rapidly as well. Water cools much more slowly, because the temperature differential is lower.We can think of it this way: land has rapid heating/cooling cycles with each day/night cycle. A large body of water, on the other hand, has much slower cycles. In fact, the water cannot lose all the heat it acquired during a summer day overnight, so it starts the next day slightly warmer than it was the previous morning. So as summer progresses, large bodies of water get progressively warmer, and they maintain this eat through the night hours, when the land cools down. For this reason, oceans don't have diurnal peaks and troughs in their temperature like the land; instead, they have seasonal peaks and troughs in their temperature.These things produce very significant effects on weather patterns. The general direction of the effect is towards the moderation of temperatures. Since the water heats more slowly but retains heat longer than land (and cools more slowly but retains coldness longer than land), the presence of oceans tends to moderate the climate of nearby land masses. At the same latitude, an area will be much hotter in he summer and colder in the winter if it's far away from th e sea. Nearness to the sea will moderate temperatures, making it both less hot in the summer and less cold in the winter.Even smaller bodies of water such as lakes can have a moderating effect on temperatures. Check the weather map of the Midwest US, and on many days you'll see that the temperature at the lake front in Chicago is higher or lower than out in the suburbs (by a few degrees), simply because Lake Michigan cools the lake shore during the summers, and warms it during the winters. Smaller bodies of water can also produce local diurnal winds, such as a breeze from lake to shore in the mornings, and a breeze from shore to lake in the evenings.Again, this has to do with the differential heating of land as compared to water during the day. Topography The physical relief of land areas has much to do with weather. There can be many reasons for this. One is simply altitude – mountainous areas will be cooler than areas at the same latitude which are nearer to sea level. But in addition, variation of the terrain can influence wind patterns and therefore the weather. One example is mountains as a barrier to wind flow. If a mountain range interrupts revealing winds, air is forced upwards to pass over the mountains.As it moves upward, it cools down. Since the water carrying capacity of air diminishes as it cools, this results in precipitation on the windward side of the mountains. Conversely, once Therefore, the leeward side of the mountains will be in â€Å"shadow† and receive much less rainfall than if there had been no mountains along the way. This effect can be seen almost anywhere in the world where there are mountains that interrupt some seasonal wind flow. It is very dramatic in the Himalayas in India, where the monsoon winds from the south meet the Himalayas.On the windward side, in the foothills of the Terra, there is very heavy rainfall. Chirruping in the Indian state of Megalith has historically been the wettest place on Earth (450 inches of rain on average per year), as the monsoon winds from the Bay of Bengal hit the Kiosk hills and are forced to rise and shed water. Conversely, the Tibetan plateau, on the leeward side of the Himalayas is very dry, with less than 18 inches of rain/ snow per year. There are other effects of topography as well. Flat land which is uninterrupted by hills or mountains allows wind to build up over long stretches.This is why the Midwest and plains states in the US are generally quite windy. Land which is more uneven breaks up lower level winds, so wind speeds are slower and winds are not as sustained. If a large area of flat lands then borders a hill or mountain range, these high winds can get channeled into valleys between the hills, and reach even higher velocities. You can see this effect on a much smaller scale even with man-made structures. Streets form canyons between skyscrapers in downtown areas of major cities, and wind is channeled through these â€Å"canyons†, reaching much higher speeds Han out in the suburbs.If you've walked through downtown Chicago or downtown Manhattan, you may have experienced this yourself. Low lying troughs, on the other hand, may have days when the air stagnates and does not move, since it is blocked by higher elevations surrounding the trough. Ocean Currents Water, like air, is a fluid medium, which can move from one place to another under temperature differentials. Just as there are winds in the atmosphere, there are water currents in the oceans, which carry warm water or cold water from one place to another, sometimes for thousands of miles.One well-known example of such a current is the Gulf Stream, which carries warm water from the Caribbean to near the shores of northern Europe. The Gulf Stream is largely responsible for the migration of populations into Europe after the last ice age. Without the Gulf Stream, Europe would probably be a sparsely populated wasteland. Consider London, which in terms of latitude is sligh tly farther north than Calgary in Canada. The average January low temperature of Calgary is 8 OF, but the average January low temperature of London is 41 OF. This is a huge difference, and the Gulf Stream is responsible.While latitudes comparable to England and northern Europe are almost tundra-like across Canada or Asia, they are quite warm and habitable in cultures traditionally depend upon hunting, since agriculture is insufficient to provide the necessary calories. But in Europe, there is extensive farming, which can support much larger population densities. The Gulf Stream has made it possible; it is a critical part of Rupee's habitability. Ocean currents are one of the most important contributors to climate, but the topic is fairly complex. I have written a brief explanation here, which you should really read before going ahead.